The Idea Of Being Present - 1324 Words

Omnipresence is a trait typically ascribed to God. It is defined as being present everywhere simultaneously. However, one aspect of this definition that is not as widely agreed upon as the rest of it is the idea of presence. What is it that philosophers’ mean when they refer to the presence of god. The idea of being ‘present’ is a very peculiar one. in the sense that to physical objects it simply describes an object being in some sort of confined region of space, however Per Anselm, when we apply this to a god, an all powerful and all knowing agent, it doesn’t make much sense to say they are at any regions of space in reality, in which the agent doesn’t exert his existence. In a sense the agent exists everywhere yet not wholly at any point in space. This interpretation. Furthermore, Thomas Aquinas refines Anselm’s theology by introducing the notion of god existing through his own ‘influence’ in a different sense of space than that occupied by matter and energy. This influence includes his omnipotence, omniscience and his creations. This particular explanation resonates greatly with Anselm’s idea of God’s existence being unrestricted by space. For all intents and purposes this ‘influence’ of God could be seen as something in a fourth dimension that is unperceivable to simple observations. This would tie into Wierenga proposal that god is unseen to the world, yet the world is laid bare before god. This idea of god being unseen even transfers into Aquinas’ analogy of the kingShow MoreRelatedGail Joness novel sixty lights presents contemporary ideas, despite being set in the 19th century. Discuss810 Words   |  4 Pagesof people who surround Lucy. Sixty Lights presents contemporary ideas despite be ing set in the c19th. Jones manifests these ideas through her preference of characters, Lucy as an artist and the scientific methods and photography. Sixty Lights evidently shows Lucy is an artist with contemporary ideas. Like artists of today Lucy recognises art everywhere she goes. Lucy witnesses the horrifying image of an Indian man scaffolding to his death, and being fatally pierced through the heart by a mirrorRead MoreTime Is A Tricky Concept1442 Words   |  6 Pagespast, present, and future forms of themselves over a given course of time; for example, consider a walking person: during their walk, they are engaging with their past, present and future selves as they interact with time by measure the changes in time via the changes in their states during their walk; their past state would be considered where they initially stood before moving, their present state being their moving from their starting point to their destination, and their future self being the stateRead MoreThe Past Is Not Dead Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagestransatlantic slavery to illustrate certain ideas and behaviors that are seen throughout time. These ideas and behaviors are specifically seen through the main character Dana. Over the course of the novel Dana experiences these ideas which are shown to us through things like racism and stereotyping. Dana is a figure that in some ways is timeless, her experiences in the past and her experiences in the present time are similar and show us the timelessness of these ideas such as racism. In the past Dana experiencesRead MoreDescartes Second Argument For The Existence Of God1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthe things that he knows with certainty. The problem arises when he attempts to clearly and distinctly understand truths of arithmetic and geometry. Descartes has enough evidence to believe these things, but one major doubt is still present; the possibility of God being a deceiver. Descartes worry is that all the knowledge that he possesses through intuition could potentially be false if God merely chooses to deceive him. So in order to have a clear and distinct perception of arithmetic t ruths (andRead MoreThe Paradox From Zeno And Mctaggart Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesrepercussion on how objective fact about the world can be understood. I claim that McTaggart’s theory of time can be solved by modern physics as Einstein’s theory of relativity makes time a relative factor in how time is understood. Before discussing the idea of paradoxes, I will first describe what a paradox is. A paradox, strictly speaking, is when a theory with logical premises leads to the creation of two logical, but contradictory, conclusion. This definition of paradox works, but is very limited inRead MoreAnselm s Argument On The Ontological Argument1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthan which a greater cannot be thought exists both in the understanding and in reality (Anselm, Proslogion, 7).† In other words, we cannot imagine something that is able to be greater than God; it would be a contradiction to think being greater than the greatest possible being that can be thought of. A number of philosophers do not agree with Anselm’s argument, such as Gaunilo, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Immanuel Kant. However, despite these arguments against him, Anselm’s argument is still valid. Anselm’sRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† This quote, by a famous philosopher Socrates, amplifies the idea of critical thinking and its true importance. This quote explains that if we as individuals do not evaluate ourselves, then we stop living as human beings.This quote can present what is truly at stake when dealing with critical thinking. Critical thinking allows human beings to question the status quo naturally with no effect. Critical thinking is an important practice and technique one shouldRead MoreAnalyzing McTaggarts Theory of Time1110 Words   |  5 Pages John McTaggart in his essay â€Å"Time† presents a radical argument that claims time is unreal. While the argument is interesting and has attracted much attention for his arguments, I remain unconvinced of the argument he makes. This paper will lay out McTaggart’s argument that time in unreal, critically analyze why I believe McTaggart’s argument fails and present an alternative idea about time, utilizing aspects of McTaggart’s argument. Here is an explanation of McTaggart’s view. McTaggart wantsRead MoreEnglish Essay on Uncle Tungsten866 Words   |  4 Pagesalso known for being a storyteller  ¹. Aside from his career, Sacks is a best-selling author having written twelve books up to date, all bringing together science and art  ². One of his earlier pieces is his essay â€Å"Uncle Tungsten† which combines passion and the love for science. â€Å"Uncle Tungsten† is an essay that shows how passion drives the romance for science, romance being the strong fascination and enthusiasm for science, a â€Å"love affair†. Oliver Sacks uses narration to present the idea of romance forRead MoreDuffy Presentation of Love and Romance in Valentine 834 Words   |  4 PagesCarol Anne Duffy presents love and romance in a unique way that differentiates valentine from any other love poem. Throughout this poem carol expresses love though the original metaphor of an onion. This essay analyses how she d oes this so effectively and how she presents a range of ideas about love and romance. The idea of using an onion to represent your love for someone may be laughed at. However, the onion could metaphorically speaking represent the many layers of love or how love is bitter

Starry night vs. Apse Mosaic long essay Free Essays

There is a much deeper meaning to the works of art titled Apse Mosaic done in the SST. Apollonian, and The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh. Both are very different forms of art and have what is known as a visionary experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Starry night vs. Apse Mosaic long essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A visionary experience is known as a visual representation of culture or a meaning personal to either the creator or viewer. Apse Mosaic is a mosaic form of art done in the SST. Apollonian, and represents another representation of Christ and the many symbols affiliated with Christ, like the sheep, cross, and also the fact that the art was done on he ceiling. The art being done on the ceiling may a reference to when you die you go to heaven up above, in the direction of the ceiling. The Starry Night was an oil painting on the village of SST. R ©my. Van Sago’s painting is told to represent a symbol of death, shown by the Cypress tree and the stars being an idea of death as a route to heaven. Both paintings express similar cultural meanings when analyzed more in- depth. Apse Mosaic is from the 6th century C. E. And is representative of Byzantine art ND culture. Mosaics in churches were very popular forms of art during this time as the Byzantine culture was well known for expressing their belief in Christ. The mosaic uses the lines and color very well by using contour lines and different, vibrant colors to show the distinct characters and symbols in the art. Space is very well used by leaving no â€Å"grey’ area. Every detail is also in proportion to one another, except for the Cross, which is emphasized to draw the viewers attention into the center of the work. The Cross is also placed above the apostles, in the sky, to symbolize the transformation of Christ and heaven, which shows the believe that after death you rise into heaven to be with Christ. The Starry Night is from late 19th century and is an oil painting Van Gogh used to symbolize events and facts from his early life. While the painting is well known for its remarkable appearance, many believe in deeper meanings Van Gogh was trying to express in the painting. The Starry Night is an oil on canvas, which is not meant to be one to show significant detail, however it is evident that the subject was of a village which has very important to Van Gogh. The lines in the painting are more implied lines, where no true edge is shown, however Van Gogh uses brighter colors in the sky on the cool color scheme to show separation. Also, the emphasis of the Cypress tree and the smaller buildings in the background are used to show a foreground, middle- ground, and background in the painting. The reason for further meanings of this minting come from a letter Van Gogh wrote to his brother, discussing the idea of death as a route to the stars. The stars are inspiration for the title and the glowing colors of the sky, possibly meant to show Angels or Christ. To go even more in-depth, the cypress tree symbolizes death. Van Sago’s death was thought to be suffered from depression and illness, which ended his life one year after the painting. Perhaps the reason for the symbols were meant to represent his own death and a reflection of his Starry night vs.. Apse Mosaic long essay By little_doge How to cite Starry night vs. Apse Mosaic long essay, Essays

European Law and the Principle of Conferral Essay Sample free essay sample

The Principle of Conferral is a cardinal rule of European Union jurisprudence as stipulated in Article TEU 5 ( 1 ) its bounds of Union competencies are governed by the rule of conferral Harmonizing to this rule. the EU is a brotherhood of member provinces. and all its competencies are voluntarily conferred on it by its member provinces. The EU has no competencies by right. and therefore any countries of policy non explicitly agreed in pacts by all member provinces remain the sphere of the member provinces. This rule has ever underpinned the European Union. but it was explicitly specified for the first clip in the failed Treaty set uping a Fundamental law for Europe and carried over into its replacing. the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. 2 ) After the pact of constitutional pact was rejected in France and Holland in 2005 because the brotherhood was taken excessively much power than it meant to be. and besides lacks answerability. transparence and clear cut division of competencies in the brotherhood. this was carried over in to the pact of Lisbon. Art 4 and 5 TEU provides the rules of competency. fidelity. conferral. subordinateness and proportionality. And Art 2-6 TFEU supply further inside informations about the classs and countries of brotherhood competency and the division of competencies. Art 5 ( 1 ) TEU provides that the bound of brotherhood competencies are governed by the rule of conferral. and that the usage of brotherhood competencies are governed by the rule of subordinateness under Art 5 ( 3 ) and proportionality under Art 5 ( 2 ) which are both concerned with the exercising of powers and trust on protocol 2 for definition. and the brotherhood Acts of the Apostless are unfastened to possible challenges if breached proportionality. Art 3 TFEU sets out the sole competencies for illustration. e. g. imposts responsibilities. in which member provinces can non move at a ll. Art 4TFEU sets out the countries of shared and coincident competencies. whereby the member provinces may move if the EU has non yet aced or has ceased to move. And Art 6 TFEU provides competencies for the EU to move in support of the member provinces ain actions merely. 3 ) Whereas a major inter ­Institutional map is the law ­creation procedure with. in kernel. the Commission proposing statute law and. finally. the Council holding the duty for ordaining it. disputes between these establishments have arisen when the Commission proposed the step. a Directing. say. should be based on a peculiar Treaty Article – i. e. . a peculiar legal footing  ­ but the Council so enacted it under a different Article and. possibly. a different legal footing. With mention to such a state of affairs. Shaw has expressed the sentiment that: â€Å"In so far as differences exist between the Community’s more and less supranational establishments ( e. g. between the Commission and the Council ) . differences between the establishments may besides hide an component of difference between the involvements of the Member States and those of the Community. † The basic rule underpinning legal base was expressed in Case 45/86. Commission v. Council ( Generalised Tariff Preferences ) where the ECJ expressed the sentiment that: the pick of a legal footing for a step may non depend merely on an institution’s strong belief as to the nonsubjective chased but must be based on nonsubjective factors which are conformable to judicial reappraisal. In October 2000. in Case C ­376/98. Federal Republic of Germany v. European Parliament and Council. the ECJ annulled Council Directive 98/43. which aimed to censor wholly the sponsorship and advertisement of baccy. on the evidences that the Treaty articles on which it was based – ‘old’ Humanistic disciplines. 100a ( 1 ) . 57 ( 2 ) and 66EC were non suited to the aims of the Directive. 4 ) Issues decided by the Court ; A ) To invalidate Articles 3 and 4 of Directive 2003/33/EC refering in peculiar the prohibition of advertisement and sponsorship of baccy merchandises in the printed imperativeness and broadcast medium. B ) Article 95 of the EC Treaty. which is the footing for Acts of the Apostless aimed at set uping the internal market and procuring its proper operation. was non an appropriate legal footing as the intent of the articles was in fact to protect human wellness. What statement did Germany set frontward? A ) Prohibitions provided for in the Directive and contested by Germany are disproportional. B ) Violation of the cardinal right to freedom of the imperativeness and freedom of sentiment. What was the logical thinking of the tribunal? A ) The Court cited its settled instance jurisprudence refering resort to Article 95 EC. That Article is the appropriate legal footing where there are differences between Member State commissariats which are such as to blockade the cardinal freedoms and therefore hold a direct consequence on the operation of the internal market. and a possible legal footing for steps to forestall the outgrowth of future obstructions to merchandise ensuing from differences in the manner national Torahs have developed. B ) The Court stated that the term â€Å"printed publications† covers merely such publications as newspapers. periodicals and magazines. and non bulletins produced by local associations. programmes for cultural events. postings. telephone directories. etc. C ) It noted the being of disparities between national Torahs on the advertisement of baccy merchandises in the imperativeness and in broadcast medium and considered that there was a important hazard that these disparities would increase. It concluded that intercession by the Community legislative assembly was hence justified. D ) Equally long as the conditions for resort to Article 95 EC as a legal footing are fulfilled. the Community legislative assembly can non be prevented from trusting on that legal footing on the land that public wellness protection is a decisive factor in the picks to be made. The Court stressed the connexion with public wellness protection. with mention to the first subparagraph of Article 152 ( 1 ) EC. which provides that a high degree of human wellness protection is to be ensured in the definition and execution of all Community policies and activities. and Article 95 ( 3 ) EC. which requires that. in accomplishing harmonization. a high degree of protection of human wellness should be guaranteed. Decision of the Court The Court rejected the statement that the prohibitions provided for in the Directive and contested by Germany are disproportional. In this connexion the Court found that the Community legislative assembly could non hold exempted local or regional publications from the prohibition on advertisement of baccy merchandises. as such an exclusion would hold rendered the field of application of the prohibition unsure and unsure. Sing the alleged violation of the cardinal right to freedom of the imperativeness and freedom of sentiment. the Court found that the prohibitions do non impair freedom of journalistic look and do non transcend the bounds of the discretion accorded to the Community legislative assembly. 5 ) The philosophy of the implied power developed by the European Court of Justice with beginnings from the Single European Act ( SEA ) and the Treaties of Maastricht. Amsterdam and Nice. expands the range of competencies which held that the Union had powers non merely expressly laid down in the Treaty but besides to be implied from express commissariats. An illustration is where the Union can come in international committednesss. whenever it has the power to achieve an aim within the Union. Another extension of competencies comes in via Article 352 ( 1 ) TFEU. which states: ‘If action by the Union should turn out necessary. within the model of the policies defined in the Treaties. to achieve one of the aims set out in the Treaties. and the Treaties have non provided the necessary powers. the Council. moving nem con on a proposal from the Commission and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament. shall follow the appropriate steps. ’ In Case 8/55 Federation c harbonniere de Belgique ( implied powers ; official repair of monetary values of Belgian coal. Application for the revocation of Decision no 22/55 of the High Authority of 28 May 1955 and of certain Decisions of the High Authority ensuing from its missive of 28 May1955 to the authorities of the Kingdom of Belgium refering the accommodation of the equalisation system 6 ) Art. 352 TFEU provinces that the Lisbon Treaty will maintain and widen the flexibleness clause to let flexible accommodations of EU competency in relation to all the aims of the Union. It permits the EU to make up ones mind in countries non covered specifically by the pacts. The old flexibleness clause ( Nice Treaty Art. 308 ) and ( Treaty of Rome it was numbered Art. 235 ) . Detective could merely be used in connexion with the common/internal market. The new clause can be used in all countries of competency of the European Union. The EU can in theory merely make determinations if there is a specific legal footing for making so in the pacts. This is called the rule of conferred powers but Art 352 permits the EU to make up ones mind in countries non covered specifically by the pacts. Decision of the tribunal in Case 45/86 Commission and Council 1 ) Declares null Council Regulation no 3599/85 of 17 December 1985 using generalized duty penchants for 1986 in regard of certain industrial merchandises arising in developing states and Council Regulation no 3600/85 of 17 December 1985 using generalized duty penchants for 1986 to textile merchandises arising in developing states ( Official Journal 1985. l*352. pages 1 and 107 severally ) ( 2 ) Declares that the effects of the annulled Regulations are to be regarded as unequivocal ( 3 ) Orders the Council to pay the costs.

The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Description of Skill Mix Discussion Evaluation Conclusion Reference List Abstract This paper describes the concept of skill mix and evaluates its adoption in the health economy. A theoretical approach has been applied to explain skill mix in the healthcare sector. Various examples have been provided to show how skills mix has been applied in the economy. A discussion about the topic has been provided to show the link between theory and practical application of skill mix in the economy today.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Several concepts and theories formulated address the need to improve service delivery and overall effectiveness and efficacy of health institutions (Jones et al, 2005). Skill mix acts as a solution to solving staffing problems and increasing overall patie nt care as practiced in a number of health institutions around the world. When looking at the benefits of skill mix, managers are concerned with the impact of the intervention on overall profitability of the healthcare institutions and any notable change in the physician or nurse-to-patient relationship (Buchan, n.d.). Skill Mix is the concept of complementing or substituting a given skilled professional with a similar skilled professional. In the health economy, skill mix happens between and within nurses and doctors (Kernick Scott, 2002a). Arguments for or against skill mix concern the substitutions of doctors with nurses or the diversification of their roles and responsibilities. Assigning of specific roles for doctors and nurses in the past took gender dimensions. Gender roles in the traditional family where women support their husband’s careers shaped up the initial doctor nurse relationship. In a similar way nursing as a women’s profession support doctors (Banha m Conelly 2002). Health economy encompasses the function of health care as an extension of health. Therefore, health economy looks into demand for health, supply for health and factors that influence the equilibrium in the pricing of health care (Eastaugh 2004). Unlike other goods and services, healthcare does not fall into a specific category of consumer or producer role (Harris 2005). Each individual encounters health in four basic ways according to the Grossman model; as a consumer, manufacturer, as a public overseer and as a contributor to the provision healthcare (McGuire, Henderson Mooney 1988). The management of the health economy looks into the satisfaction of the patient, cure and elimination of the factors that lead to the eventuality of poor health (McCormack McCance 2010).Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Health economy deals with the allocation of resources in providing patient treatment and care. Therefore, the subject involves physicians and nurses and patients. Other than measuring effectiveness of provided cure, health economy extends to capture externalities arising from health choices made by practitioners or beneficiaries (Harris, 2005). Description of Skill Mix In recent times, the idea of having a family like doctor nurse relationship is no longer viable. Nursing is no longer an exclusive profession for women. The claim for equality by women around the world has extended form their womanhood to their vocations. Nurses now are not just assisting doctors, but have their independence and perform holistic tasks in patient care. Such tasks include â€Å"production of complex theories that are based on sociology and psychology, the creation of a pseudoscience from assessing patients and finally writing of care plans during the nursing process† (Banham Conelly 2002, p. 5). Women’s autonomy has pushed open communication s between doctors and nurses. Now there are an increasing number of male nurses and female doctors. Focus has shifted from the hierarchy of doctors and nurses to the value of nurses. Nurses now assume titles previously used only by doctors and other medical practitioners such as nurse consultants (Mason et al. 2006). Furthermore, nursing now encompasses an enhancement of the nurse’s competency such that nurses overlap doctors on day-to-day patient care tasks (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations 2005). While previously nurses worked exclusively under doctors, their new autonomy puts them in complementary positions with doctors. As nurses’ work on roles previously administered by doctors, they reduce the doctors working hours and hence serve as a cost reduction because nurses’ pay is lower than doctors’ pay. The traditional doctor-centred model of care where nurses contributed medical continuity is no longer forthcoming and now em erging is a shift aimed at multidisciplinary team methodology that is able to react rapidly to the changing health needs of patient and whose composition assigns the nurse a centre role (Coombs 2004).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When adopting skill mix as an efficiency improvement strategy, it is paramount that balance personnel within a staff area and between different staff groups are maintained. In the case of the health economy, this will involve balancing doctor and nurse numbers and the tasks assigned to doctors and nurses (Cribb 2005). Therefore, a broad look into skill mix in the health economy will cover issues like the work force, workload requirements in the primary care of patients, how enhanced roles and boundaries between doctors and nurses are defined (Jenkins-Clarke et al. 1997). There exists no common entry point for the examination of inter-related issues of doctor nurse roles and skill mix (Buchan Calman 2005). Different countries and regions exhibit separate variations in the mix of different health care professions. Each country or region’s adoption of a particular characteristic of skill mix is an upshot of several driving forces that are not equally important (Dyro 2004). These drivers are â€Å"skill shortages, cost containment, quality improvement, technological innovation; new medical interventions, new health sector programs or initiatives, health sector reform and changes in legislative/regulatory environment† (Buchan Calman 2005, p. 18). For skill mix to addresses the above issues, however, it is not the panacea solution. In addition, skill mix has to have a proper configuration in the system to realize maximum benefits in efficiency improvement (Jenkins-Clarke et al. 1997). In consideration of the different skillsets of doctors and nurses, skill mixing work s best in team settings (Hall Buch 2009). Health professionals working in teams can easily contribute their unique expertise to the attainment of a common goal of the team (Kernick Scott 2002a). Kernick and Scott (2002b) identify three relationship types within teams using the skill mix in their structure. Coactive relationship types where there is delegation of activity. This relationship assumes that one team member has more authority than other team members have and can choose what to delegate. This type of relationship is the most common in the provision of primary health care. Secondly, there is the competitive team relationship where parties work on competing goals or similar ones. Doctor and nurse relationship in the U.S. fall under this category because nurses perform the same tasks as doctors of prescribing medicine and issuing hospital admittance rights.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the interactive team relationship exhibits a sharing of responsibilities and equal collaboration. Practitioners have individual skills in the team however; their specific skill contribution does not have a demarcation as in the case of coactive relationships (Kernick Scott 2002b) In the formation of teams, leaders or the team appointing authority, seek to have team members who have skills needed in accomplishing the designated tasks for the team (West 2004). Team composition therefore encourages diversity to be fully competent in the tasks (Harris 2005). A skill review ensures that there is a balance in the skill mix of teams. The skill review consists of a discovery of the activities that the team will carry out, the persons that are currently performing the activities and the new assignees of the activity, and the skill levels of the assignees in relation to the minimum skill required to perform the tasks (Harris 2005). Additionally, a skill review looks at the possibili ty of combining activities to come up with new activities and group formations within the team. Emphasis is laid on identifying technical skills required in the team that are absent or currently offered at a high cost when creating or adjusting team compositions to improve efficiency and reduce costs (Harris 2005). Discussion Buchan and Dal Poz (2002) in their review of the evidence of skill mix in the health care workforce conclude that there are a limited number of empirical studies in the topic of skill mix in the health workforce. Studies that have moved beyond the description of skill mix in health care are constrained by weak methodologies, inappropriate evaluations of outcome and cost and their use of small sample sizes (Buchan Dal Poz 2002). Limitations of the conclusion by Buchan and Dal Poz (2002) in their study include the fact that the authors examined evidence from a majority of studies conducted in the USA. Their findings do not reflect the whole spectrum of available literature worldwide and therefore are only usable when examining the case scenario in the USA. The authors note that the concept of mixing qualified and unqualified practitioners was publicly adopted in the 1990s to contain costs in North America was a pioneer concept and it resulted to the re-examination of nursing skill mix in many countries, organization and sectors (Buchan Dal Poz 2002). Findings of the study highlight the misgivings of nurses when they are replaced or when their skills are undervalued and argue that cheaper substitution strategies in skill mix are not guaranteed to be cost effective. The authors cite negative externalities associated with the adoption of cheaper skill mix such as higher absenteeism associated with less qualified personnel and their reduced turnover rates. They note that cheap skill mix increases the levels of staff unproductive times as the care givers are not autonomous and only act on the direction of their supervisors. Furthermore, cheap skill mix increases the possibility of care assistants to harm patients when their jurisdiction extends beyond their skill capacity (Buchan Dal Poz 2002). Mix of workers in an institution make it productively efficient and in the case of the health economy, mixing of health leads to significant impacts on the delivery of health care services (Fulton et al. 2011). The production process of health care uses health care inputs such as facilities, equipment, systems, pharmaceuticals and other non-health care inputs necessary for any organization’s proper functioning. Combinations of skill mixes produce health services in different settings (Fulton et al. 2011). Fulton et al. (2011) examined health workforce skill mix in relation to the patient health outcome, costs and quality. The authors studied the creation of new cadres designed to boost productivity and make it possible to scale operations rapidly to improve patient access and reduce wage bills and worker training costs (Fu lton et al. 2011). Task shifting is a substitution of tasks among professionals and the delegation of tasks to lower level trained professionals and creation of new cadre as well as task delegation to non-professionals (Shumbusho et al. 2009). Their study findings indicate that the training of lower cadre professionals in specific important patient handling skills is a cost effective way of increasing workforce to cater for special patient needs that would otherwise require extra commitment in time and money for formal training of nurses. Secondly, the authors find out that in implementing skill mix, supervision and training form the most important component for quality health care. Therefore despite the ease of scalability (Gaist 2009) when using lower trained personnel, management need to ensure that highly skilled professionals handle the delegation of duties and supervise their implementation to maintain quality and facilitate skill transfer (Fulton et al. 2011). The benefits of shifting of task from the traditional professionals’ cadres to new ones such as care of specific patient categories form nurses to community health workers are noticeable when an analysis of cost effectiveness is used to make appropriate comparisons (Hongoro McPake 2004). The context of the application of skill mix dictates the success or failure if the skills mix policy. These contextual factors are political support, available infrastructure, leadership and training offered and finally the living conditions of the patients and the practitioners (Fulton et al. 2011). The authors Fulton et al. (2011) acknowledge that their literature review only focused on studies published in 2006 but also confirm that main findings in their study offer substantial evidence that downplays the omission of other studies in their literature review. Other limitations offered of their study are publication bias and reporting bias of the articles examined in their literature review and the autho rs do not offer an estimate of the potential bias (Peat, Mellis Williams 2002). Finally the authors indicate limitations of small study samples and different educational requirements for health practitioners in different countries create a challenge in establishing a control when comparing studies from different countries (Fulton et al. 2011). Evaluation The examination of skill mix effectiveness should consider the impacts of new technologies such as e-health and telemedicine. Fulton et al (2011) note that use of these and similar technologies provide positive externalities in terms of skill transfer and scalability (Fulton et al. 2011). In Britain, the Health Committee of the House of Commons found out that poor conceiving or skill mix changes does not lead to any improvement in productivity or a reduction in cost (Health Committee 2006-07). The Health Committee further noted that nurses generate the same quality of care as doctors but use more resources than doctors. Therefore, the savings provided by low nurses’ salary are eaten up by the resources needed (Health Committee 2006-07). Fixing of attention on the health economy benefits of skill mixing in terms of cost savings limits the overall economic evaluation of the concept (Cowen Moorhead 2006). The review of benefits does not put into consideration the unique nature of the health economy as compared to other economies (Culyer Newhouse (eds.) 2000). Managerial analysis of skill mix has to be pragmatic putting into account that stoppage of individual work towards shared goals by nurses and doctors to participate in care-teams might downgrade and make labour routine, thus lowering quality of health worker and patient experience while fitting financial goals of the institution (Buchan Calman 2005). Successful economic evaluation of skill mix offers a comparison in alternative interventions (Yoder-Wise 2003). Economic evaluation assists to note effectiveness of the skill mix intervention and it e nsures that there is a maximum output for a given resource level or a minimum cost is endured to get a desired benefit level. Inefficiency implies that patient benefits are not maximally harnessed from available resources (Dierick-van Deale et al. 2010). Economic evaluation of skill mix looks at efficiency of using inputs like doctors or general health practitioners to obtain a specific output (Maynard Scott 2003). In the health economy inputs are comprised of doctors, nurses, professions allied to medicine, the premises used in administering health care and the equipment used (Kernick Scott 2002a). Outputs include clinical benefits of the patients like blood pressure, health status and the quality of life where this can be generic quality or disease specific quality, non-health benefits brought about by the health care such as choice and reassurance, accessibility and approachability of health care and finally continuation of the care (Kernick Scott 2002b). Conclusion Skill mix is an important aspect that modern healthcare institutions have focused on using to enable them improves the performance of their professionals. Mix of workers in an institution makes it productively efficient and in the case of the health economy, mixing of health leads to significant impacts on the delivery of health care services. Assigning of specific roles for doctors and nurses in the past took gender dimensions. Gender roles in the traditional family where women support their husband’s careers shaped up the initial doctor nurse relationship. In a similar way nursing as a women’s profession support doctors. Reference List Banham, L Conelly, J 2002, ‘Skill mix, doctors and nurses: substitution or diversification?’ Journal of Management in Medicine, vol 16, no. 4, pp. 257-270. Buchan, J, Determining skill mix: practical guidelines for managers and health professionals, www.who.int/hrh/en/HRDJ_3_1_03.pdf. Buchan, J Calman, L. 2005, ‘Skill Mix an d Policy Change in the Health Work Force: Nurses in Advanced Roles’, OECD Health Working Papers, 24 February 2005, pp. 2-63. Buchan, J Dal Poz, MR 2002, ‘Skill mix in the health care workforce: reviewing the evidence’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol 80, no. 7, pp. 575-580. Coombs, MA 2004, Power and conflict between doctors and nurses: breaking through the inner circle in clinical care, Routledge, New York, NY. Cowen, P. S Moorhead, S. 2006, Current Issues in Nursing, 7th edn, Mosby-Elsevier, St. Louis. Cribb, A. 2005, Health and the good society: setting healthcare ethics in social context, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Culyer, A. J, Newhouse, J. P. (eds.) 2000, Handbook of health economics, Volume 1, Part 2, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Denny, E Earle, S 2005, Sociology for nurses, Malden, MA: Polity Press Dierick-van Deale, AT, Steuten, LM, Derckx, EW, Metsemakers, JF, Spreeuwenberg, C Vrijhoef, HJ 2010, ‘Economic evaluation of nurse practitioners versus GPs in treating common conditions’, The British Journal of General Practice, vol 60, no. 570, pp. e28-e35. Dyro, JF 2004, Clinical engineering handbook, Malden, MA: Academic Press Eastaugh, SR 2004, Health care finance and economics, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA. Fulton, BD, Scheffer, RM, Sparks, SP, Auh, EY, Vujicic, M Soucat, A 2011, ‘Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence’, Human Resource for Health, vol 9, no. 1. Gaist, PA 2009, Igniting the power of community: the role of CBO and NGO in Global Public Health, Springer, New York, NY. Hall, ML Buch, E 2009, ‘Skill mix decision – making for nursing’, Series Paper, ISBN: 978-92-95065-75-8, International Centre for Human Resources in Nursing, Geneva. Harris, MG 2005, Managing health services: concepts and practice, 2nd edn, Elsevier, Marrickville. Health Committee 2006-07, ‘Workforce planning: fouth report on session 2006-07, Volume 1’, Session Report, Health Committee, Great Britain House of Commons, House of Commons. Hongoro, C McPake, B 2004, ‘How to bridge the gap in human resources for health’, Lancet, vol 356, pp. 1451-1456. Jenkins-Clarke, S, Carr-Hill, R, Dixon, P Pringle, M 1997, ‘Skill Mix in Primary Care, A study of the interface between general practitioners and other members of the primary health care team’, University of York, Center for Health Economics, York. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations 2005, Accreditation Manual for Critical Access Hospitals, Joint Commission Resources, Oakbrook Terrace. Jones, R, Britten, N, Grol, R, Mant, D, Culpepper, L, Gass, D, Silagy, C (eds.) 2005, Oxford textbook of primary medical care, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kernick, D Scott, A 2002, ‘Economic approaches to doctor/nurse skill mix: problems, pitfalls, and partial solutions’, Th e British Journal of General Practice, vol 52, no. 474, pp. 42-46. Kernick, D Scott, A 2002, ‘Economic evaluation and doctor/nurse skill mix’, in D Kernick (ed.), Getting health economics into practice, Radcliffe Medical Press, Oxon. Mason, S, Coleman, P, O’Keefe, C, Ratcliffe, J Nicholl, J 2006, ‘The evolution of the emergency care practitioner role in England: experiences and impact’, Emergency Medical Journal, vol 23, no. 6, pp. 435-439. Maynard, A Scott, A. 2003, Advances in health economics, John Wiley Sons Ltd, West Sussex. McCormack, B McCance, T 2010, Personal-centered nursing – theory and practice, Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa. McGuire, A, Henderson, J Mooney, G 1988, The economics of health care: an introductory text, Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd, London. Peat, JK, Mellis, C Williams, K 2002, Health science research: a handbook of quantitative methods, SAGE Publications, London. Shumbusho, F, van Griensven, J, Lowrance, D, Turate, I, We aver, M al, E 2009, ‘Task shifting for scale-up of HIV care: Evauation of Nurse-Centered Antiretroviral Treatment at Rural Health Centers in Rwanda’, PLoS Medicine, vol 6, no. 10, p. e1000163. West, MA 2004, Effective Teamwork: Practical Lessons from Organizational Research, 2nd edn, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA. Yoder-Wise, PS 2003, Leading and managing in nursing, 3rd edn, Elsevier Health Sciences, Malden, MA. This coursework on The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy was written and submitted by user GitHoskins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Online Enrollment System Essays

Online Enrollment System Essays Online Enrollment System Paper Online Enrollment System Paper Essay Topic: Education This part presents bodies of literature and studies which were sourced from various authorities in relation to the present proposed study about Online Enrollment System. Internet Enriquez (2013) states that in these days, effort and money are such vital things that have to be used very efficiently to have a satisfactory outcome whatever work is to be done. Modern technology makes life simple and easy in many ways. Internet, for example, is a very helpful tool for the students for research purposes. It also features online applications (e. g.  Students Information System, Enrollment System, and Grading System) that help individuals to work through the World Wide Web. Online Enrollment System In other colleges and universities, they are already implementing Computerized Enrollment System for the ease and convenience of the students. This proposal also tells us how automation and computer software greatly accelerate human technological processes and advancement. In India’s higher educational system and it is the third largest in the world, after china and United States have been the higher educational system. A software development and IT service firm implemented its catalyst in Governor Andres Pascual College was integrated web platform to provide content management, transaction processing, marketing and interactive community functions to the two rice schools. The content management tools of the Jones school staff edits update or add to the volume of curriculum and event information without calling for technical assistance. It simply cut and paste document into the content management system for consisting and publish to the web in the school. Andres Pascual College, has their University of online system of enrollment including their inventory to lessen hassle of student filling out different forms and identification to verify their enrollment slot and inventory from which they can see their current balance for the past semester. While at Cavite State University – Main Campus the present study focuses on using the internet environment to suffice the needs of students who are far from the vicinity of the University to lessen their hassle. Thus the researchers provide a website for the University where incoming students who’ve passed the entrance examination and former students of the said University, where they will fill-up the corresponding requirements through the web, the web also includes the list of courses offered for the whole year and the blocked class you will be listed to. You can also check if you are a registered enrollee via creating an account from the University web.

Definitions and Examples of Debates

Definitions and Examples of Debates Broadly defined, a debate is a discussion involving opposing claims:  an argument. The word comes from Old French, meaning to beat. Its also known (in classical rhetoric) as  contentio. More specifically, a debate is a regulated contest in which two opposing sides defend and attack a proposition. Parliamentary debate is an academic event held at many schools, colleges, and universities. Debate Examples and Observations In several senses, there is no correct way to debate. Standards, and even rules, differ between- and sometimes within- communities...There are at least eight distinct college debate organizations with their own rules and styles of debate. (Gary Alan Fine, Gifted Tongues: High School Debate and Adolescent Culture. Princeton University Press, 2001) Skilled political debaters will first present their overall theme in the introductory statement if the opportunity to make such a statement is allowed in the debate format being used. Then they will reinforce it with answers to as many specific questions as possible. Finally, they will return to it in their concluding statement.(Judith S. Trent and Robert Friedenberg, Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices, 6th ed. Rowman Littlefield, 2008) Argumentation and Debate Argumentation is the process whereby humans use reason to communicate claims to one another. . . .Argumentation is useful in activities like negotiation and conflict resolution because it can be used to help people find ways to resolve their differences. But in some of these situations, differences cannot be resolved internally and an outside adjudicator must be called. These are the situations that we call debate. Thus, according to this view, debate is defined as the process of arguing about claims in situations where the outcome must be decided by an adjudicator.​ (The Debatabase Book. International Debate Education Association, 2009) How to argue is something people are taught. You learn it by watching other people, at the breakfast table, or in school, or on TV, or, lately, online. It’s something you can get better at, with practice, or worse at, by imitating people who do it badly.  More formal debate follows established rules and standards of evidence. For centuries, learning how to argue was the centerpiece of a liberal-arts education. (Malcolm X studied that kind of debate while he was in prison. Once my feet got wet, he said, I was gone on debating.) Etymologically and historically, the artes liberales are the arts acquired by people who are free, or liber. Debating, like voting, is a way for people to disagree without hitting one another or going to war: it’s the key to every institution that makes civic life possible, from courts to legislatures. Without debate, there can be no self-government.​ (Jill Lepore, The State of Debate. The New Yorker, September 19, 2016) Evidence in Debates Debate teaches cutting-edge  research skills. Because the quality of an argument often depends on the strength of the supporting evidence, debaters quickly learn to find the best evidence. This means going beyond run-of-the-mill Internet sources to government hearings, law reviews, professional journal articles, and book-length treatments of subjects. Debaters learn how to evaluate study methodology and source credibility...Debaters also learn how to process massive amounts of data into usable argument briefs. Argument briefs bring together the strongest logical reasons and evidence supporting various positions. The ability to gather and organize evidence into logical units is a skill that is treasured by business makers, government policy-makers, legal practitioners, scientists, and educators.​ (Richard E. Edwards, Competitive Debate: The Official Guide. Alpha Books, 2008) U.S. Presidential Debates American doesnt really have presidential debates. Instead, we have joint appearances where candidates recite talking points in settings so carefully controlled by party apparatchiks that the only real wrangling is over the height of the lecterns and the temperature of the drinking water. As with so many other aspects of the political process, debates that should be enlightening, perhaps even transformational, are instead stage-managed to satisfy the demands of power brokers with money and connections rather than the needs of democracy.​ (John Nichols, Open the Debates! The Nation, September 17, 2012)Thats what were missing. Were missing argument. Were missing debate. Were missing colloquy. Were missing all sorts of things. Instead, were accepting.​ (Studs Terkel) Women and Debates Following Oberlin Colleges admission of women in 1835, they were grudgingly permitted to have  rhetorical preparation in elocution, composition, criticism, and argument. Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown helped to organize the first womens debating society there, for women were banned from public speaking in their rhetoric classroom because of its mixed audience status.​ (Beth Waggenspack, Women Emerge as Speakers: Nineteenth-Century Transformations of Womens Role in the Public Area. The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed., by James L. Golden et al. Kendall/Hunt, 2003) Online Debates Debate is a maneuver where learners are divided onto opposing sides, generally as teams, to discuss a contentious issue. Learners are afforded the opportunity to improve their analytic and communication skills by formulating ideas, defending positions, and critiquing counter positions. Historically, a debate is a structured activity; however, online media permit a wider range of designs for online debates, from an inflexibly structured exercise to a process with minimal structure. When an online debate is more rigid, step-by-step instructions are provided for debate and defense, as in a formal face-to-face debate. When online debate is designed with less structure, it operates as an online discussion concerning a controversial issue.​ (Chih-Hsiung Tu, Online Collaborative Learning Communities. Libraries Unlimited, 2004) The Lighter Side of Debates Ms. Dubinsky: Wed like you to join our debate team.Lisa Simpson: We have a debate team?Ms. Dubinsky: Its the only extracurricular activity that doesnt require any equipment.Principal Skinner: Because of budget cuts, we had to improvise. Ralph Wiggum will be your lectern.​ (To Surveil, with Love, The Simpsons, 2010)

Current issues in dissability studies activity 5 Essay

Current issues in dissability studies activity 5 - Essay Example This approach may not be appropriate in as much as it could not reveal my neighbour’s son’s true feelings. The correct procedures that should be applied in gathering information about a disabled person include but not limited (i) monitoring the emotional changes of the boy; (ii) paying more attention to the boy’s actions, as a whole; (iii) identifying instances where the boy’s behaviour is different from that of the non-disabled boy; (iv) estimate the level of empowerment possessed by the child; (v) constantly investigating the child’s self-enhancement; (vi) paying close attention to everything about the child’s life (Brown and Brown, 2003). Question 2: After reading the Asch (2001) article, make some comments about the issues that this raises for you. What are your views on both the extreme bioethical position as expressed by Peter Singer, and the Social Justice/Social Models of Disability? Post your comments on FLO. Answer 2: Peter Singer’s extreme view about bioethics in relation to disability is inappropriate, in the sense that it neglects social justice or acceptable social model of dealing with disabled people. It is morally (and religiously) improper to carry out prenatal testing and selective abortion on any human soul; I think it is unethical for doctors or any member of medical team to make life-or-death decision for anyone; one can never deny the stupidity of robbing disabled people of their quality of life, even though they seem unresponsive to the cares and solutions devoted on them. Everyone with moral aptitude will totally disavow Singer’s suicidal tendencies, which belittle the sacredness of human soul—whether possessed in a sound physical body or not (Asch, 2001). The proponents of bioethical solutions have forgot that circumstances have helped some people who were previously disabled to regain some form of normal behaviour over a long period of time. Question 3: After reading the Beck (2002)

Social Media Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Media Paper - Essay Example In the business context, social media continues to be the most used tool especially in the recent past (Lefebvre and Flora 1988, p.301). Some of the areas in business using social media as a platform to achieve goals and objectives are advertising, public relations and marketing. This is essentially because these are the very branches of the corporate world that need to come into close contact with the masses of people Research indicates that the corporate world spends billions of dollars on the social media to advertise and market their products. For example, in United States of America, the corporate world spent close to four billion dollars on the social media marketing (Hamill 1997, p. 300-323). The trend has continually changed, with exponential growth in the amount of money spent every year. Some of the social networks, for example LinkedIn, concentrate mainly on the corporate world (Ibrahim 2010, p.3-10). Here, networks are created between various business persons and firms. O ther business firms chose to use the platform for public relations by posting the videos of their CEOs giving insights about them. This means that social media is intertwined with the business world and its impact cannot be wished away. Social media brings in a shift in the concepts of reaching out to the consumers and selling the products to them. The traditional way of communication, say for example through posters, newspapers and televisions are slowly being replaced by the use of the social media (Xia 2009, p. 469 – 478). The implication to both the corporate world and the consumers is the change in the way the concepts of marketing and advertising are viewed. It is in this regard that I look at how the concepts of marketing, the consumers and the audiences have changed with the use of social media. Change in the Conceptions of Marketing, Consumers and Audiences The historical concept of marketing was that the consumers were provided with the manufacturer’s good, w hether good or bad (Zwick and Dholakia 2008, p. 318-325). However, with the social networking, it is not easy to penetrate into the market with this kind of an approach. The concept of marketing has broadened to include the processes of developing the product to its distribution. It also works closely with the research and development departments to learn on the necessary innovation on their products (Ibrahim 2010, p.3-10). The social media has therefore brought the need to have a comprehensive look at marketing. Its definition has changed to; the processes of planning and implementation of the concepts in the production chain to meet the demands of the consumer. With the understanding of how important social media is, the marketing strategies have taken a different turn (Mangold and Faulds 2009, p.357 – 365). Most of the marketers have moved to integrate marketing mix with the social media. The marketing mix includes the product, place, price and promotion. Looking into thes e four key aspects of marketing, one realizes that the concept has totally changed. For example, the products are varied and numerous. The tangible products have been modified to include the personal needs of different groups of people. The products vary in characteristics even as the characteristics of the consumers vary. In the second aspect of the marketing mix, the place, the location is now very flexible (Ibrahim 2010, p.3-10). A consumer may not have to be in a specific place as it was before. It

Signification of Professionalism in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Signification of Professionalism in Nursing Essay Historically, one’s perception of a nurse could be represented by mental images of conformity. Dressed in crisp, pallid uniforms; individuals projected a polished and poised appearance lacking the embodiment of unique qualities. Regardless of their disciplined nature, a nurse may have only been considered an altruist servant of to their community or as an assistant to a physician. Rarely were they considered a professional. Modern advancements in academia have secured nurses a respected position within the professional community. What in particular contributes to professionalism? LaSala and Nelson state that: â€Å"appearance, behavior, and communication have a cumulative effect on the professional image† (2005). A professional appearance reflects an impressionable message in which a patient may feel more secure in your ability to care for them, as it appears you are able to care for yourself. Professional behavior is necessary in order to convey a role of influence. In order for a nurse to effectively educate, she herself must model positive health promotional practices and avoid damaging convention. Additionally, â€Å"posture and body language are one influence on others’ perception of competence† (LaSala, Nelson, 2005). Professional communication is vital to a nurse’s credibility. Whether spoken or written, â€Å"An individual who uses language skillfully and appropriately reflects intelligence and knowledge† (Arnold and Boggs, 2004). The significance of professionalism in appearance, behavior, and communication is essential to understand. Positive, professional influence will enable a nurse to develop trusting relationships with their patients, which in turn, will ensure competent care and the ability to maintain the respect earned as professionals. Works Cited LaSala, K. B., Nelson, J. (2005). What contributes to professionalism? Medsurg Nursing, 14(1), 63-7. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230521474?accountid=89121 Arnold, E., Boggs, K.U. (2004). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. St. Louis: Saunders

The Trouble with Boys :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

My sister asks me how I am. I tell her I’ve been unproductive, distracted, and irritable. Â   I've been in a place before where I really didn't care to be dating anyone at all, but when I'm in that place it's usually because my defenses have gone haywire and are slaughtering innocent passers-by. It's not a lot of fun, I gotta tell you. What I can't remember is whether it's more fun - or less not-fun - than what I'm feeling now. Â   I mean, he seemed like a nice guy. He loves his mother. He holds down a good job. He said just enough of the right things that I believed him. Clever boy. Â   So now I'm shuttling distractedly back and forth between feeling sorry for myself and feeling sorry for him - the first, because I've been here too goddamned many times already and why don't these boys ever hang around? and the second because, bless his little heart, he never even gave himself the chance to know just how wonderful I am. It's irritating. Â   What bothers me almost as much, though, are the friends who, when I'm cool with things and don't care whether I date anyone or not, warn me that I'll be alone forever if I don't let down my defenses and open up to the possibility of meeting Mister Wonderful, but when I'm all in a terrible state because the guy for whom I've finally let down my defenses seems to be dumping me, tell me I shouldn't care whether he wants to see me or not, because I'm allathat and a bag of chips anyway and I'll be fine on my own. Â   Seems like good advice: care enough but not too much, want to see him but not care whether he wants to see me, keep my defenses in check but up and running... but I have yet to figure out how to do all these things at once. And while I am fine on my own, I'd kinda like the opportunity to be fine with someone for a while. Â   I have a friend for whom this is not a problem. Her tactic, upon suspecting she's being ditched, which she would like me to emulate, is to put on her sassiest attitude and start dating someone else - preferably one of his friends.

Kuwait Education System Essay

This is a study with Kuwait in focus. Its going to analyze Kuwaiti education with regards to the following important factors, efficiency and degree of development of the education system, important changes, effects of these changes, most important weaknesses in the availability of human capital measures to overcome these weaknesses, how good the education service is available and how students from Kuwait perform in internationally comparable test scores. The paper generally to tackle the issue stated. Kuwait is a nation in Middle East. It borders Persian Gulf, which is between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. It has an area of 17,280 square kilometers and a relatively small population of about 2,596,779 as per estimates of July 2008. Most of its population is male and almost half of this total population figure constitutes foreigners. Kuwaitis constitute about 80% of the total labor force as per 2004 estimates. Almost 10% of world’s oil reserves are in Kuwait and it’s a relatively rich country. Kuwait spends about 3. 8% of it’s GDP on education. Also literacy levels stand at very high percentages for instance 93. 3%. Male literacy is higher at 94. 4%compared to female’s 91% as per 2005 estimates. (The World Fact Book, 2008) Before tackling various issues concerning education it’s good to have a historical background of the same. Kuwaiti educational system development is largely attributed to the richness of the nation courtesy of oil exportation. In the early 1990s educational facilities were quite few in Kuwait. The schools that were there were Quranic schools called al-katabibs. The Quranic schools taught arithmetic, reading and writing. Public education was non existent in the earlier part pf the 20th century and thus, funds to education came from wealthier nationals. The government took over the educational system in the year 1939and by 1945 it had begun 17 schools. After the WWII when oil production started to pick up, the government also raised the stake of its revenue that went to education. In 1960s Kuwait had 45000 students in its educational system which 18000 were female. Major development in education also happened in the 1960s and in 1965 schooling was made compulsory in Kuwait (Kuwait Cultural Office, 2008) The efficiency of the Kuwaiti educational system is explained as follows: today in Kuwait there are about 500,000 students in school, which is about 30% of its total population. There are three levels of education in Kuwait and each one of them takes duration of four years to complete. These levels include elementary, intermediate and secondary. Attending school is compulsory for children in the age bracket of six to fourteen years. All these stages of Kuwaiti educational system are free. From second grade in school, children in Kuwait start studying English language. Kuwaiti parents send most of their children to foreign private schools established in Kuwait. These private schools are usually very prestigious. For example American school of Kuwait. Also this private education, though not fully funded by the state is highly subsidized besides allotment of land for construction of schools and issuance of textbooks. Public schools in Kuwait are a bit different compared to private schools since from first grade, there’s segregation of children by sex. Kuwait also ensures equity of education offered to women with that of men. For example the 1989 education initiative, where there was introduction of daytime literacy clinics to benefit women. Kuwaiti government also makes sure that every new school has a library with an expansive book collection. The government also established an â€Å"education Net† which was a project to link each and every government school and library to a telecommunications data network (Kuwait cultural office, 2008) To explain the various important changes and their effects, an overview on the education system of Kuwait will cover from 1900s. In the early of the 20th century education was aimed at gaining basic literacy and this was in context of religion. The existing schools then were quran schools. Wealthier people sent their children abroad for higher education in around 1912 merchants who were interested in their children’s (especially sons) education started private schools. For instance, mubara kiyya school, which was the first modern institution of education. Later on in 1921, another notable private school was established by the name ahmadiyya school and which was the first to offer English as a subject. Shortly after 1921 the first girl’s school was established and it taught home economics, Islamic studies and Arabic. Education was later put under state control in 1939. Teachers from Palestine started a mission for education which had students being sent abroad for education and also started new schools. As a result, four elementary schools started. An overall national department of education to govern government schools and teachers from Palestine, Syria, Iraq Lebanon and Egypt started a program to ensure secondary education in Kuwait. In around 1945 there were 17 schools in Kuwait. Later in the 1950s rapid changes occurred. for example, the founding of the first kindergarten schools and a first technical college in the academic year 1954-55. 80 students were enrolled in this college in the first year. In 1956 the institute for the blind was established. Later on in 1958 an adult education program was started for men. On to 1960s in i1963 an adult education program was started for women. By the year 1970 there were 738,662students in Kuwaiti schools where less than half were Kuwaiti nationals. In 1973 there were 1,644 special needs students and 11 institutes of the special education. Since it’s initiation in 1956. Jumping to 1982, the number of teachers was a bit high at 24,367 of whom 6,748 only were Kuwaiti. By the academic year 1997-98 the number of teachers was 27,359 of which 17,357 were Kuwaiti. This changed from 1: 3. 76 in 1982 to 1. 7:1 in 1997-98 academic years. Today the government provides a kitty for each of the education levels in Kuwait namely, elementary, intermediate and secondary school. Another important change is that at university level, a university was established and which was called Kuwait University with the majority of the student body being made up of Kuwaiti. (State University. com, 2008) Kuwait is highly reliable on foreign countries for human capital and thus the problem of human capital in Kuwait. Human capital is a country’s stock of knowledge and skills and it constitutes the skilled labor in the economy. Kuwaiti labor force is dominated by non-nationals. There was especially an influx of foreign laborers in Kuwait in the 1970’s. Kuwaitis relied at high levels on the labor of expatriates who had high morale from their countries. Kuwaitis have thus become minorities in their own home due to high dependence on foreign skilled labor for both private and public sectors. Unemployed nationals of Kuwait as well as nominally employed ones over-rely on the state for easy jobs and welfare. Foreigners are also seen to influence the traditions and cultures of Kuwait. Real employment may also be desired but hardly attainable due to the set social system where nationals lack the skills to fit in the labor market. To remove the dilemma set by this predicament Kuwaitis thus have to think in the lines of the following solutions: practical education to be offered to nation and that befits the national requirements of the labor market, reduction in the number of work visas issued to foreigners and leveling the wage differences between citizens and non-citizens. Some international assessments have been carried out on Kuwait education system. The factors in consideration are schools self-evaluation, and evaluation of teachers. There was a particular study carried out due to low secondary school student participation rates where completion rates were low, repetition was high besides the high drop-out rates. Also students’ achievements even after high school education are considered as those which are disappointing. This was considered true especially because Kuwait students performed dismally in international assessments of student achievement. To conclude on the study, even though, the government of Kuwait has done a giant leap toward development of its education, a lot remains undone. In focus should be the global applicability of Kuwaitis education and also at national levels. Since today’s labor force constitutes about 80% non-nationals, practicability and fitness of the Kuwaiti education should also be among the major issues that require speedy resolution. Generally to ensure this are there from the findings in this study. So the government’s ministry of education needs to invest a lot on issues to do with Research and Development as regards issues of practical educational development. Incentives to nationals should also be created to take courses at the university level that are similar to those of the non-nationals’ expatriate staff by even making it more interesting and exciting. More students should also get involved on exchange programs with other students in economies which are performing highly and through their human capital. References Hladczuk, J and Eller, W. 1992. International Handbook of Reading Education Greenwood Publishing Group Kellaghan, T. 2008. Developing Assessment Ca pacityIn The Kuwait Education System. Retrieved on October 25, 2008 from http://www. moe. edu. kw/pages/misc/wathaeg%20feb%202008/wathaeg%20almoa shr%20alwa6ani%2017-19feb%202008/Kalaghan_Report1. doc. pdf Kuwait Cultural Office. 2008. History. Retrieved on October 25, 2008 from http://www. kuwaitculture. com/About%20Us/History. htm State University. Com, 2008. Education In Kuwait- An Overview. . Retrieved on October 25, 2008 from http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/784/Kuwait- EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW. html The world fact book, 2008. Kuwait. Retrieved on October 25, 2008 from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ku. html

Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

You make decision everyday; whether it is choosing what you make for breakfast or choosing what you want to be when you grow up. It is natural in humans to make decisions and act on what they believe is to be true. This not only applies to humans, but authors use them in their books or plays to create different types of characters. In one of the greatest works by William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, there are characters that make many different kinds of decisions that determine their role in the book. In the play, the protagonist Hamlet, after his father’s death, is angry about his mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius. He sees a ghost of his father one night and tells him that Claudius had murdered him. Hamlet plans to kill Claudius but he has trouble making decisions and throughout the play, his poor decision making skills bring downfall to himself and many others. Every tragic hero has a tragic flaw and Hamlet’s tragic flaw is his inability to make decisions. Hamlet’s inability to kill Claudius after hearing from the ghost, that he had killed Hamlet Senior, contributes to his stubborn indecisiveness, which brings about his own downfall. His indecisiveness leads to many character’s deaths; such as Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Laertes, Polonius and his own mother. He had many chances of killing Claudius but he constantly over thinks the situation thus delaying his major task of killing Claudius: To take him in the purging of his soul When he is fit and seasoned for his passage? No.  Up, sword, and know thou a more horrid hent. When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, Or in th’ incestuous pleasure of his bed, At game a-swearing, or about some act That has no relish of salvation in ’t— Then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven (III.III. 85) This is an example of Hamlet being indecisive on whether or not to kill Claudius in the Church after the Mouse Trap play. He decides not to kill him there because he is praying and therefore will be forgiven for his sin. This results in delaying of his main task and also made more room for error; such  as killing Polonius and also getting sent to England, which leads to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s deaths. If Hamlet would have decided to kill him then, he would not have created the mess he ends up making at the end. Hamlet’s inability to talk and discuss to Ophelia about what is happening, after she starts rejecting his messages, leads to losing his love and ultimately ends up to her demise. Even though they were in love, when Ophelia begins rejecting Hamlet’s messages because Polonius told her to, Hamlet tells Ophelia that she was not worth anything to him. This leads her to believing that Hamlet does not love her anymore. As a conclusion, she goes crazy and out of control; for example: By Gis and by Saint Charity, Alack, and fie, for shame! Young men will do ’t, if they come to ’t. By Cock, they are to blame. Quoth she, â€Å"Before you tumbled me, You promised me to wed. So would I ha’ done, by yonder sun, An thou hadst not come to my bed. (IV. V. 40) This is the scene where she has become insane. She sings about how a man promised her to marry her before they went into bed together but he left her. On top of Hamlet’s rejection, Hamlet has killed her father, Polonius, so she has completely lost control of herself. She sings a very sorrow song in front of many people and also gives out fake flowers to people. After this scene, she ends up committing suicide at the lake. If Hamlet had talked with Ophelia about what was going on and why she was ignoring her messages, she would have not become insane and Hamlet and Ophelia would still be in love. Hamlet’s final flaw is his inability to decide whether life is worth living or not, which contributes to his stubborn indecisiveness, which ultimately leads to his own downfall. Hamlet is very confused about his own life and is out of his mind. He is very depressed from his father’s death and the feeling of betrayal he has from Gertrude, his mother, who remarried right after his father’s death. He does not know if life is worth living or not and this is obvious when he says: To be, or not to be–that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep– No more–and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. ‘Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep– To sleep–perchance to dream: ay, there’s the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. (III.I.56) This is his famous soliloquy on the topic of life. He compares life and death and he cannot decide whether or not to stay alive or to be dead. He believes that death is the way to escape all his troubles and his depression but then on the other side, he knows he needs to complete the task of killing Claudius. His indecisiveness about his own life delays his action from doing what he really wants to accomplish. Even though Hamlet kills Claudius at the very end, as a result of his indecisive behavior, he has taken way too much time to accomplish one single task. Also, it killed many innocent people he could have prevented from killing them. If Hamlet would have not been so depressed and actually decide whether or not he should stay alive or die, he might have had a better chance accomplishing his tasks much faster and efficient. Clearly, Hamlet is very indecisive all over and his indecisiveness brought about his own downfall. His mother’s death, his love’s death and his friend’s deaths are all caused by Hamlet. If he were to be decisive and straightforward, he could have killed Claudius much faster and he also could have prevented all of the deaths that happened. Many theories attempt to explain why Hamlet takes so long to kill Claudius but out of many theories, Hamlet’s indecisiveness is the only one with full satisfactory answers. Every book or play has a tragic hero and every tragic hero has a tragic flaw and in the play Hamlet, there is no exception. These themes present in many of William Shakespeare’s plays are relevant even today. There are times when we are indecisive when it comes to difficult situations. To be able to decide and to act on what you decided to do is what we try to aim for, however, since Hamlet did not complete this, he led himself to his own downfall and also many other’s to their downfall as well.

Essay on How to Sell a House Fast in a Slow Real Estate Market

Essay on How to Sell a House Fast in a Slow Real Estate Market Essay on How to Sell a House Fast in a Slow Real Estate Market Essay on How to Sell a House Fast in a Slow Real Estate MarketWhen there is a need to sell a real estate property, there are two ways the seller can choose: sell the property on ones own or hire a real estate agent. Selling the property personally might be more efficient in terms of price and profit; however, this process will likely require a lot of time and effort. Hiring a real estate agent will increase sale costs, but this decision will help save time and resources (Bronchick Cooper, 2008). In addition, real estate agents have access to a wider pool of potential buyers compared to sellers selling on their own (Bronchick Cooper, 2008).The decision on whether to hire a real estate agent or not depends on personal preferences: the need to save money, the need to save time, real estate market awareness, awareness of legal regulations pertaining to real estate and experience in performing all necessary procedures associated with the sale. Assuming that the relocation will take plac e in 3 months, it is reasonable to suggest that the key priority will be time and the second priority will be money. Therefore, in the considered case it will be best to hire a real estate agent. However, it is necessary to remember that real estate agents might not always work in the best interests of a seller since their commission is often weakly related to the final sale price and timing (Levitt Syverson, 2007).In order to motivate the real estate agent to act in the sellers best interest, it is necessary to introduce appropriate incentives (Levitt Syverson, 2007). These incentives should be economically aligned with the sellers goals. In the considered case, the key objective is to sell the property within maximum 2.5 months (since time is also needed to prepare the documents and complete the sale). The second objective will be getting maximal price that can be achieved in the current situation.Therefore, the proposed incentives are the following. The agents commission should be divided into 8 parts: 2 parts are paid when the sale is completed (regardless of sale conditions), 3 parts are paid if the sale is completed within 2.5 months (so the agent is motivated to sell the house in time) and the remaining 3 parts are paid if the price exceeds a pre-determined level (which should be chosen slightly above average market rate) and takes place on time. In this case, the agent is strongly motivated to sell the house on time and is also quite motivated to sell the house at a high price, so he or she will act in the sellers best interests identified in this case.

Malaria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Malaria - Research Paper Example The paper attempts to explore the type of microbes that cause malaria; symptoms of malaria; the system it affects and the cellular and molecular mechanism of malaria along with the key proteins involved in this process. The paper also aims at exploring the efficacy of drugs for the treatment of various forms of malaria and the challenges ahead due to drug resistance developed by malarial parasites. Microbes Responsible for Malaria As such many microbes are responsible causing malaria; however, the important ones are plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum causing malaria in most part of the world (World Malaria Report). Symptoms of Malaria Usual symptoms of malaria are shivering, fever, vomiting and headache and likely to appear only after a week or two after the mosquito bite. In case of cerebral malaria, clinical symptoms resemble considerably to the symptoms that arise from meningitis and pneumonia and therefore malaria microscopy cannot help there much as a diagnostic tool for clinical management. If not treated in time, malarial parasites can cause death as it disintegrates red cells and disrupts supply of blood to the major organs of the body (World Health Organization). Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plasmodium At cellular level plasmodium performs two major actions. Erythrocyte invasion is the first action that plasmodium finishes at the cellular level. After invasion it modifies erythrocytes to make them fit for habitat (Wiser). Plasmodium is known to have three invasive forms such as merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite. It will be worth pondering on the erythrocyte invasion of merozoites. Merozoites take no time to enter erythrocytes because erythrocyte is the preferred host cell type. The invasion is a complicated process but it passes through four steps and that can be described as Merozoite binding; Erythrocyte deformation and reorientation; Junction formation and parasite entry (Wiser). Though several merozoite surface proteins participate in the action, merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is the prominent of all. Moreover, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) also participates in the whole process of targeting sporozoites. After binding to the erythrocyte is complete, the 'apical end of the parasite' gets aligned with erythrocyte membrane. This also results into erythrocyte deformation. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is involved in the realignment process. Specialized apical organelles called micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules are involved in the invasive process of parasites. With the invasion of parasite, the apical organelles are spewed out indicating that organelles do play some role in invasion. It has been established that micronemes are spewed out as the contact between the parasite and host takes place. The rhoptries are discharged after the micronemes. Once the parasite completes its entry, dense granules are released modifying the host cell (Wiser). Specific Interactions and Junction Formation Formati on of junction, between the parasite and host cell, takes place once microneme discharge is complete. That means microneme proteins play important role in junction formation (Wiser). Key Proteins Involved in the Process a) Duffy-binding protein (DBP) from P. vivax; b) A 175 kDa 'erythrocyte binding antigen' (EBA-175) from P. falciparum; c) Plasmodium sporozoite surface protein-2 (SSP2). It is also called TRAP (thrombospondin-related adhesive protein). The parasite undergoes metamorphosis when it enters erythrocyte. During this time,

Argumentative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentative - Essay Example Reasonably, there are numerous feminisms, for example, socialist feminism, liberal feminism, standpoint feminism, socialist feminism and standpoint feminism. Nevertheless, there are several philosophies general to all feminist viewpoints. One philosophy is that sex is socially formed instead of being spontaneously created. This is by keeping in mind that hominids are genetic beings, where our genetic system affects who we are as men and women. Nonetheless, from a women's libber view, there exist a composite interaction between culture and biology and genetic attributes may be transformed by social or environmental settings. Feminism describes gender as arrange of social anticipations that are replicated and transmitted via an aspect of social acquiring. This paper entails an argumentative essay on feminism as social movement. (A-2) A second women's movement philosophy is that gender is a crucial organizing aspect within the social domain. Gender is entrenched in social interactions a nd processes of daily life along with all social establishments. At the organizational level, gender is molded by the economic and political structure of a society. In all societies, specific forms of gender norms prevail, and these norms can differ from community to community consequently more substantiation that gender is fashioned socially. Conferring to the feminist standpoint no sex is intrinsically superior to another. Conversely, the ethnicity of a civilization may instill one sex with a superior significance than another sex. For example in the Western and most other societies, masculinity (of traits and behaviors related to being male) is esteemed more hellish than feminineness (of traits and behaviors related to being female). The men, hence, are bestowed grander access to rewards and resources in these communities, solely because they stand out as (masculine) men. Therefore, discrepancy valuing produces gender bias (Curran 47). A common misunderstanding concerning feminis m is that it centers only on womenfolk or "females' issues." (B-1)Feminism's chief objective, from a theoretical outlook, partakes to review and refine the status of womenfolk in community, mostly since womenfolk and the traits and behaviors related to them have been ignored or devalued in the past. However, feminism distinguishes that male folk have gender, as well, and that even though virtually all men profit in a certain way through gender privileges. Some factions of men though, are underprivileged by other societal factors (Beauvior 2008). (A-3) The third protocol of feminism entail that gender discrimination does not represent the same outcomes for all men and women. This philosophy from a feminist view point scrutinizes how sex bias interconnects with other kinds of bias such as racism, heterosexism, social class bias, ageism, and discriminations built on mental and physical abilities that affect multiple factions of men and women differently. For example, a man who acts eff eminately is regarded as queer and is chastised for this peculiarity in various ways that incorporate social banishment; discrimination in occupation, housing, in addition to other areas, and at times even brutality. Correspondingly, deprived men folk of color hold less accessibility to societal rewards and resources than white respectable women do, since the undesirable consequences of social class and racism injustice around them overshadow the rewards of gender opportunity (Curran 67). (A-4) Since